2025年4月8日 星期二

獨立委員會與實況調查報告之策略管理

 

備忘錄

機密 - 僅供閱覽:私人秘書

發件人:首席秘書

日期:[當前日期]

事由:獨立委員會與實況調查報告之策略管理

吾親愛之私人秘書:

繼吾等日前之密商,此備忘錄旨在闡述管理獨立委員會及實況調查報告之策略要務,以確保成果有利於公務體系之持續順暢運作。此資訊極為機密,僅供汝個人參酌。

設立獨立委員會(於我等有利):

設立獨立委員會可為轉移不欲之審查或延緩潛在之擾亂性改革之有效工具。當此等必要性 возникнет 之時,下列原則應指導我等之方法:

慎擇主席: 委員會主席之遴選至關重要。我等之首要任務應為物色一「穩妥」之人。「穩妥」之人,雖表面獨立,然將具備必要之「對整體問題之敏銳及同情之洞察力」,並將理解維持穩定之隱含要求。考量因素應包括行將退休之人士、易受微妙影響之人,或重視與既有機構維持良好關係之人。

策略性界定職權範圍: 職權範圍務必精心擬定,以引導委員會朝向預定之結論,或至少確保一曠日持久且最終無果之過程。措辭含糊或範圍過廣於此方面或有裨益。可考慮將職權範圍框定為需要廣泛數據收集及複雜分析之方式,從而保證漫長之審議期。

委員會之組成: 主席固然關鍵,然委員會之廣泛組成亦應考量。納入觀點各異之成員或可造成內部意見分歧,並阻礙形成一致且可能產生問題之報告。納入已知對公務體系精神抱持同情態度之人,或存在利益衝突之人,可進一步稀釋任何異議之聲。

資源分配與秘書處支持: 確保委員會獲得來自公務體系內部之秘書處支持。此舉可助於微妙地引導委員會之工作,控制資訊之流動,並仔細起草會議記錄及討論文件。會議記錄應盡可能預先起草,以巧妙地引導討論方向,並確保有利於我等立場之關鍵點得到妥善記錄。

終結委員會(必要時):

或有情事,即便我等已盡最大努力,獨立委員會仍威脅產生不利於我等利益之調查結果。在此等情況下,可採用下列策略以管理或終結其工作:

拖延時日: 鼓勵冗長之審議、要求提供進一步資訊,以及安排間隔顯著之多次會議。「將怠惰誤認為策略,實乃謬誤」,漢弗萊爵士如是精明地觀察。時間之流逝往往可減弱所審議問題之緊迫性或政治重要性。

內部異議與少數派報告: 若統一報告不可避免,則應巧妙地鼓勵產生重大內部異議,導致少數派報告或異議意見。此舉可削弱任何潛在批判性調查結果之影響。

「閉門謝客之時」: 阿諾德爵士曾冷峻地指出,有時公開政府並非良機。若委員會之工作漸趨棘手,則應悄然降低其活動之優先順序,並暗示當前之政治氣候或緊迫要務需要推遲或無限期中止其工作。

策略性改組: 部長級人員之變動可提供一個悄然擱置棘手委員會工作之機會,新任部長可聲稱需要審查所有未決事項。

撰寫獨立實況調查報告(於我等有利):

任何委員會或調查之最終成果皆為報告本身。確保此文件服務於我等利益需要仔細關注:

控制草擬: 報告雖須看似委員會之獨立工作,然對草擬過程之微妙影響至關重要。秘書處之公務體系成員應在塑造報告之措辭、重點及結論方面發揮關鍵作用。

呈現「背景論據、利弊得失」: 若直接指示部長不甚適宜,則報告應側重於以巧妙引導其朝向我等偏好之行動方案之方式呈現「背景論據、利弊得失」。

強調「不可預見之後果」: 強調若採納與我等利益相悖之建議,可能產生「不幸甚或令人遺憾之後果」。

運用公務體系慣用語: 報告可巧妙地運用「公務體系慣用語」,其真實含義外部讀者或難以立即理解,然於內部則可傳達我等之意圖。切記,「已考慮所有影響」意指「汝正將汝之工作徹底搞砸」。

預先草擬之力量: 如同會議記錄,可考慮預先草擬報告部分內容之策略優勢,以巧妙地影響委員會之思考,並確保最終文件與我等期望之敘述相符。

管理發布: 若報告之調查結果不利,則切記漢弗萊爵士對「壓制」與「不發布」之區別。雖直接壓制不可取,然可基於諸如成本、公共利益或需要進一步審查等各種理由,將「不發布之民主決定」呈現出來。或者,可透過向媒體提供非官方簡報來詆毀不欲之報告。

藉由謹慎且具遠見地遵循此等原則,我等可有效地管理獨立委員會及實況調查報告所帶來之挑戰,確保其最終服務於公務體系之最佳利益及王國之持續穩定。

請確認已收到並理解此高度機密之備忘錄。

首席秘書





公務體系時常採用一種特定之語言,稱為「公務體系慣用語」,此語言或可掩蓋陳述背後之真實含義。此語言服務於各種目的,例如避免直率、延遲行動,或以不同於字面意義之方式微妙地傳達訊息。

以下列舉已識別之公務體系慣用語示例,及其措辭與實際含義:

措辭:「約十萬人之分階段裁減『不符合公眾利益』。」實際含義:符合公眾利益,但不符合公務體系之利益。

措辭:「公眾輿論尚未準備好接受此一步驟。」實際含義:公眾輿論已準備好,但公務體系尚未準備好。

措辭:「然而,此乃緊急問題,故我等建議成立皇家委員會。」實際含義:此問題極為惱人,但我等希望待四年後皇家委員會提交報告之時,眾人皆已忘卻此事,或我等可找到他人承擔責任。

措辭:「我認為我等必須非常謹慎。」實際含義:我等不會做此事。

措辭:「汝已考慮所有影響乎?」實際含義:汝不會做此事。

措辭:「此乃略微令人費解之決定。」實際含義:愚蠢至極!

措辭:「並非完全直截了當。」實際含義:犯罪。據漢弗萊爵士所言,當委婉暗示事務之處理方式可疑時,亦可意指「或許並非完全直截了當」。

措辭:「部長閣下,恕我直言……」實際含義:部長閣下,此乃我所聽過最愚蠢之想法。

措辭:「已考慮所有影響」[備忘錄示例]。實際含義:汝正將汝之工作徹底搞砸[備忘錄示例]。此短語並未明確見於所提供之摘錄,然於最初之機密備忘錄中有所提及。

措辭:報告中「公務體系慣用語」之運用[備忘錄示例]。實際含義:於內部傳達預期訊息,同時可能令外部讀者難以理解[備忘錄示例]。

沉默:

謹慎之沉默: 當彼等不欲告知汝事實時之沉默。

頑固之沉默: 當彼等不打算採取任何行動時之沉默。

勇敢之沉默: 當汝揭穿彼等之謊言而彼等無力辯駁時之沉默。彼等暗示,若彼等可自由言說一切,則可徹底證明自身清白,然彼等過於正直而不願如此。

此外,公務員「擅長將簡單之想法複雜化」。此涉及使用大量冗詞贅句,並運用語言「模糊及混淆問題與事件,使其對他人而言難以理解」。難以理解本身亦可作為暫時安全之策略。

「穩妥!」之概念暗示其乃公務體系詞彙中之關鍵褒義詞。

就報告而言,公務體系或以巧妙引導部長朝向偏好之行動方案之方式呈現「背景論據、利弊得失」。彼等亦或強調若採納替代建議,可能產生「不幸甚或令人遺憾之後果」。

最後,公務員或使用如下短語:

(a) 彼等已更換其會計系統……

(b) 彼等已重新劃定邊界,故今年之數據不具可比性。

(c) 此款項乃特殊額外開支之補償……而此等開支現已停止。

(d) 此僅為帳面節省,故明年所有款項皆須支出。

(e) 一項重大支出項目延遲完工,故該區域明年預算將相應超支。[技術上稱為分期付款]

(f) 人員及產業已不可預見但甚為重要地轉移至其他區域。

(g) 若干大型項目因會計期初之經濟考量而取消……

此等乃解釋三千二百萬英鎊節省額之可能性,暗示其為呈現或非完全直截了當或可能掩蓋實際情況之資訊之方式。

理解此「公務體系慣用語」對於任何試圖解讀官方通訊及理解公務體系內部潛在意圖之人而言至關重要。

Strategic Management of Independent Committees and Fact-Finding Reports

 

MEMORANDUM

TOP SECRET - EYES ONLY: PRIVATE SECRETARY

FROM: CHIEF SECRETARY 

DATE: [Current Date] 

SUBJECT: Strategic Management of Independent Committees and Fact-Finding Reports

My Dear Private Secretary,

Following our recent discreet discussions, this memo outlines the strategic imperatives for managing independent committees and fact-finding reports to ensure outcomes favourable to the continued smooth functioning of the Civil Service. This information is strictly confidential and for your personal guidance only.

Setting Up an Independent Committee (To Our Advantage):

The establishment of an independent committee can be a useful tool for deflecting unwanted scrutiny or delaying potentially disruptive reforms. When such a necessity arises, the following principles should guide our approach:

  • Careful Selection of Chairmanship: The selection of the committee chair is paramount. Our priority should be to identify an individual who is "sound". A sound individual, while ostensibly independent, will possess the necessary "sensitive and sympathetic insight into the overall problem" and will understand what is implicitly required to maintain stability. Considerations should include individuals nearing the end of their active careers, those receptive to subtle influence, or those who value maintaining good relationships with established institutions.
  • Strategic Definition of Terms of Reference: The terms of reference must be carefully crafted to steer the committee towards pre-determined conclusions or, at the very least, to ensure a protracted and ultimately inconclusive process. Ambiguous language or an overly broad scope can be beneficial in this regard. Consider framing the remit in a way that necessitates extensive data gathering and complex analysis, thereby guaranteeing a lengthy deliberation period.
  • Composition of the Committee: While the chair is crucial, the composition of the wider committee should also be considered. Including members with diverse perspectives can create internal disagreements and hinder the formation of a unified and potentially problematic report. The inclusion of individuals known to be sympathetic to the Civil Service ethos, or those with conflicting interests, can further dilute any dissenting voices.
  • Resource Allocation and Secretarial Support: Ensure that the committee is provided with secretarial support from within the Civil Service. This allows for subtle guidance of the committee's work, control over the flow of information, and the careful drafting of minutes and discussion papers. Minutes should, where possible, be drafted in advance to subtly steer the direction of discussions and ensure key points (favourable to our position) are duly recorded.

Ending a Committee (When Necessary):

There may be occasions when an independent committee, despite our best efforts, threatens to produce findings that are not in our interest. In such circumstances, the following strategies can be employed to manage or conclude their work:

  • Protraction and Delay: Encourage lengthy deliberations, requests for further information, and the scheduling of numerous meetings with significant intervals. "That would be to mistake lethargy for strategy" as Sir Humphrey astutely observed. The passage of time can often diminish the urgency or political salience of the issue under review.
  • Internal Disagreements and Minority Reports: If a unified report is unavoidable, subtly encourage the emergence of significant internal disagreements leading to minority reports or dissenting opinions. This dilutes the impact of any potentially critical findings.
  • "The Closed Season for Open Government": As Sir Arnold dryly noted, there are times when Open Government is less opportune. If the committee's work is becoming problematic, quietly deprioritise its activities and suggest that the current political climate or pressing priorities necessitate a postponement or indefinite suspension of its work.
  • Strategic Reshuffles: Changes in Ministerial personnel can provide an opportunity to quietly shelve the work of a troublesome committee, with the new Minister able to claim a need to review all outstanding matters.

Writing an Independent Fact-Finding Report (To Our Advantage):

The final output of any committee or inquiry is the report itself. Ensuring this document serves our interests requires careful attention:

  • Control of Drafting: While the report must appear to be the independent work of the committee, subtle influence over the drafting process is crucial. Civil Service members on the secretariat should play a key role in shaping the language, emphasis, and conclusions of the report.
  • Presenting "Background Arguments, the Pros and Cons": Where a direct instruction to Ministers is inappropriate, the report should focus on presenting the "background arguments, the pros and cons" in a manner that subtly guides them towards our preferred course of action.
  • Emphasis on "Unforeseen Consequences": Highlight potential "consequences which could be unfortunate, or even regrettable" if recommendations contrary to our interests are implemented.
  • Utilising Civil Service Code Language: The report can subtly employ "Civil Service code language", the true meaning of which may not be immediately apparent to external readers, but which conveys our intended message internally. Remember, "Considered all the implications' means 'You are making a complete balls-up of your job.'".
  • The Power of Premature Drafting: As with minutes, consider the strategic advantage of having elements of the report drafted prematurely to subtly influence the committee's thinking and ensure the final document aligns with our desired narrative.
  • Managing Publication: If a report's findings are unfavourable, remember Sir Humphrey's distinction between "suppression" and "not publishing". While outright suppression is undesirable, a "democratic decision not to publish it" can be presented under various justifications, such as cost, public interest, or the need for further review. Alternatively, unwanted reports can be discredited through off-the-record briefings to the press.

By adhering to these principles with discretion and foresight, we can effectively manage the challenges posed by independent committees and fact-finding reports, ensuring that they ultimately serve the best interests of the Civil Service and the continued stability of the realm.

Please acknowledge receipt and understanding of this highly sensitive memorandum.

Chief Secretary



The Civil Service often employs a specific type of language, referred to as Civil Service Code Language, which can obscure the true meaning behind statements. This language serves various purposes, such as avoiding directness, delaying action, or subtly conveying a message different from the literal words used.

Here is a list of examples of Civil Service Code Language identified, with their wordings and actual meanings:

  • Wording: "a phased reduction of about a hundred thousand people is ‘not in the public interest’".
    • Actual Meaning: it is in the public interest but it is not in the interest of the Civil Service.
  • Wording: "Public opinion is not yet ready for such a step".
    • Actual Meaning: Public opinion is ready but the Civil Service is not.
  • Wording: "However, this is an urgent problem and we therefore propose setting up a Royal Commission".
    • Actual Meaning: This problem is a bloody nuisance, but we hope that by the time a Royal Commission reports, four years from now, everyone will have forgotten about it or we can find someone else to blame.
  • Wording: "I think we have to be very careful".
    • Actual Meaning: We are not going to do this.
  • Wording: "Have you thought through all the implications?".
    • Actual Meaning: You are not going to do this.
  • Wording: "It is a slightly puzzling decision".
    • Actual Meaning: Idiotic!.
  • Wording: "Not entirely straightforward".
    • Actual Meaning: Criminal. According to Sir Humphrey, it could also mean "perhaps not entirely straightforward" when delicately implying that affairs are being conducted questionably.
  • Wording: "With the greatest possible respect, Minister . . .".
    • Actual Meaning: Minister, that is the silliest idea I’ve ever heard.
  • Wording: "Considered all the implications" [memo example].
    • Actual Meaning: You are making a complete balls-up of your job [memo example]. This phrase is not explicitly found in the provided excerpts but is mentioned in the initial secret memo.
  • Wording: The use of "Civil Service code language" in a report [memo example].
    • Actual Meaning: Conveys the intended message internally while potentially being opaque to external readers [memo example].
  • Silence:
    • Discreet Silence: The silence when they do not want to tell you the facts.
    • Stubborn Silence: The silence when they do not intend to take any action.
    • Courageous Silence: The silence when you catch them out and they haven’t a leg to stand on. They imply that they could vindicate themselves completely if only they were free to tell all, but they are too honourable to do so.

Furthermore, the civil servants have a "genius for wrapping up a simple idea to make it sound extremely complicated". This involves using a large number of words where few would suffice and employing language to "blur and fudge issues and events so that they became incomprehensible to others". Incomprehensibility itself can be a tactic for temporary safety.

The concept of "Soundness!" which suggesting it is a key compliment in the Civil Service vocabulary.

In the context of reports, the Civil Service might present "background arguments, the pros and cons" in a way that subtly guides Ministers towards a preferred course of action. They might also highlight potential "consequences which could be unfortunate, or even regrettable" if alternative recommendations are implemented.

Finally, the civil servants might use phrases like:

  • "(a) they have changed their accounting system..."
  • "(b) redrawn the boundaries, so that this year’s figures are not comparable."
  • "(c) the money was compensation for special extra expenditure... which has now stopped."
  • "(d) it is only a paper saving, so it will all have to be spent next year."
  • "(e) a major expenditure is late in completion, and therefore the region will be correspondingly over budget next year. [Known technically as phasing]"
  • "(f) there has been an unforeseen but important shift of personnel and industries to other regions"
  • "(g) some large projects were cancelled for reasons of economy early in the accounting period..."

These are presented as possibilities to explain a saving of £32 million, suggesting they are ways to present information that may not be entirely straightforward or may obscure the actual situation.

Understanding this "Civil Service code" is crucial for anyone attempting to decipher official communications and understand the underlying intentions within the Civil Service.

滄海橫流,父心亦移:論《上海的劉氏》中父輩之立場轉變

 

滄海橫流,父心亦移:論《上海的劉氏》中父輩之立場轉變

《上海的劉氏》之家父,素以權威著稱,宏圖擘畫,欲令諸子負笈海外,以承繼其跨世代之商業宏業。然其籌謀,非盡獲諸子之唯命是從,而二十世紀中國之風雲變幻,亦屢迫其調整既有之堅定之見。察其與諸子之互動,可見其雖懷有強烈之初衷,亦能因應諸子之辯駁及變遷之政局,而重思其立場。

父輩觀念之轉變,可見一斑者,乃其於一九三二年提議其在英三子入籍英籍之事。其動機源於日寇侵華之陰影下,上海局勢之危殆。其以為,諸子既為家族企業之共有人,若得英籍,或可免於日人沒收之禍,蓋西人所有之產業,較不易為日人所覬覦。初,其料諸子必無異議。然其諸子竟一致且激烈反對之,彼輩重家國之義,甚於家族之經濟利益。彼輩委婉地指出,戰時之危局或已蒙蔽其判斷。時在美國之長子尤為激憤,引英國與美國之種族歧視為例,謂此等國籍終難獲真正之認可。 Faced with this strong and unified resistance, the father appeared to concede, with Third Son noting that they "may as well drop the subject entirely out of our mind[s]" 。雖父仍欲進一步商議,然此已昭示其與最初之急迫提議大相逕庭。

父輩對長子之教育方針,亦展現其變通之能,常受其子之願望及不測之事所影響。初,其於長子聖約翰大學及鮑德溫-華萊士學院畢業後,已擬定四年之教育計畫。然長子僅於哈佛大學就讀一年後,即提議返回上海。父雖初對其子之判斷有所保留,然最終仍允其更改計畫。後,長子於華北之發展受政局動盪所阻,父遂於上海授其高位,此與其先前所授之低位形成對比,父亦坦承:「昔日未委君以重任,實吾之過也。故吾以為,此番當更明智些,君意如何?」。此外,雖父早欲長子完成其哈佛之學業,然終允其轉學至沃頓商學院。凡此種種,皆可見父雖有初步之教育目標,然亦能為之所動而調整之。

五子之教育與健康,亦致父輩之計畫有所變更。初,父因五子體弱,不願其赴美求學,然終仍允其入讀鮑德溫-華萊士學院。五子舊疾復發,父初電促其歸國。然旋即又電告,保證將資助其於美國繼續醫治。此番迅速之轉變,可見父輩對其子之即時需求與境況之關切。且父後雖因健康之故,傾向五子於鮑德溫-華萊士學院多留一段時日,然終仍接受其轉學至賓夕法尼亞大學。

三子欲娶西化女子之事,亦為父輩立場轉變之例。初,父與母皆對此婚事有所疑慮。母直言拒絕,而父之沉默則令三子不安。雖家中亦有反對之聲,父最終仍允其婚事。此決定似受其對三子判斷之信任及欲其子幸福之願望所影響。此外,父初曾盼婚禮更為隆重,謂在歐洲舉行簡約之儀式「不僅有違顏氏之願,亦與吾家之意相悖。婚姻乃極其莊重之事,理應享有通常附隨之禮儀與莊嚴」。然其後似亦接受在歐洲舉行較為簡約之儀式,可見其最初對傳統盛大婚禮之偏好有所鬆動。

一九四九年共黨革命前夕之動盪時期,父輩再次展現其調整計畫之能。其初曾提議分散家業之策略,建議將部分家人及產業遷往英屬香港,而餘者則留於上海。此謹慎之舉反映其對政治局勢之不確定。然於一九四九年五月抵達香港後,父則面臨多方壓力。其商業夥伴勸其留港,而其在滬之家人則懇請其歸。約六個月後,在收到共黨領導代表之保證後,父決定於一九四九年十一月返回上海。此決定標誌其在居所及產業經營方面之計畫發生重大轉變,其受家族之牽絆及對新政下機遇之認知所影響。

末,父輩關於八子歸國之事之互動,則展現其一貫之願望,然終未與其子之選擇相符。父屢次敦促在美國求學之八子完成學業後歸國,謂家族產業需其襄助,甚至直接命其經香港返國。雖八子初曾表示歸國之意,然變幻之政局及其自身日益改變之觀念,使其重新考慮。父仍堅持己見,即便在共黨接管後,仍提議八子可於中國西北擔任羊毛專家,並敦促其攜其餘諸兄弟返回大陸。然八子珍視其獨立性,並憂慮共黨統治下之自由匱乏,故其於畢業後之初次探訪後,終未永久返回中國大陸。此事凸顯父輩欲改變其子永久居留之意之持續努力,最終未能成功之例。

總而言之,《上海的劉氏》中之家父,並非一成不變之嚴父。其雖對家族及其產業懷有宏大之抱負,然敘事展現其於諸多重大議題上調整立場之數例。此等觀念之轉變,常受其子之見解、動盪之政治環境及務實之考量所促動,為吾人描繪出一幅更為細膩之圖像,一位在迅速轉變之中國,於家族與財富之複雜境地中周旋之領袖。

Navigating Family and Fortune: The Father's Shifting Stances in The Lius of Shanghai

 

Navigating Family and Fortune: The Father's Shifting Stances in The Lius of Shanghai

The patriarch of the Liu family in The Lius of Shanghai was a figure who wielded considerable authority, envisioning a multigenerational business dynasty with his sons educated abroad to perpetuate it. However, his plans were not always met with unquestioning obedience, and the unfolding events of 20th-century China often necessitated adjustments to his firmly held views. Examining his interactions with his children reveals a father who, while possessing strong initial ideas, was also capable of reconsidering his positions in response to his sons' arguments and the changing political landscape.

One notable instance of the father’s evolving perspective concerns his proposal for his three sons in England to become British citizens in 1932. His motivation stemmed from the precarious situation in Shanghai due to the looming threat of Japanese occupation. He believed that British citizenship for his sons, as co-owners of the family business, could offer protection against Japanese confiscation, as Western-owned businesses were less likely to be targeted. Initially, he anticipated no opposition. However, his sons unanimously and passionately opposed the idea, prioritising their patriotism over the family's economic interests. They gently suggested that the wartime emergency might have clouded his judgment. Eldest Son, then in the United States, was particularly vehement, citing racial prejudice in Britain and America as a reason why such citizenship would never be genuinely recognised. Faced with this strong and unified resistance, the father appeared to concede, with Third Son noting that they "may as well drop the subject entirely out of our mind[s]". While the father still wanted to discuss it further, this represented a clear shift from his initial urgent proposal.

The father's approach to his Eldest Son's education also demonstrates a capacity for changing his mind, often influenced by his son's desires and unforeseen circumstances. He had initially formulated a four-year plan for Eldest Son's education after his time at St. John’s University and Baldwin-Wallace College. However, Eldest Son proposed returning to Shanghai after only a year at Harvard. Despite some initial reservations about his son's judgment, the father ultimately agreed to this alteration of his plan. Later, when Eldest Son's prospects in North China were hindered by political chaos, the father offered him a high-level position in Shanghai, contrasting it with a lower-level position he had given him previously, admitting, "That was more or less my mis-take of not putting you in a responsible position. So I think we will have to be a little wiser this time, don’t you?". Furthermore, despite his earlier desire for Eldest Son to complete his Harvard education, the father eventually conceded to his transfer from Harvard to Wharton. These instances illustrate a father who, while having initial educational goals, could be persuaded to adapt them.

The education and health of Fifth Son also led to changes in the father's plans. Initially hesitant about Fifth Son studying in the United States due to his health, he nevertheless permitted him to attend Baldwin-Wallace College. When Fifth Son had a relapse, the father initially sent a telegram urging his return to China. However, he quickly followed up with assurances that he would finance Fifth Son's continued medical treatment in the United States. This rapid shift indicates a father responsive to his son's immediate needs and circumstances. Moreover, the father later expressed a preference for Fifth Son to remain at Baldwin-Wallace for longer due to health concerns but ultimately accepted his transfer to the University of Pennsylvania.

The matter of Third Son's marriage proposal to a Westernised woman provides another example of the father's evolving stance. Initially, both the father and mother had misgivings about the match. While the mother issued a direct refusal, the father's initial silence was unnerving to Third Son. Despite hearing arguments against the proposal from within the family, the father eventually gave his consent. This decision appears to have been influenced by his faith in Third Son's judgment and a desire for his son's happiness. Furthermore, the father initially expressed a wish for a more formal wedding, stating that a quiet ceremony in Europe "would not only run counter to the wish of the Yen family but to that of ours as well. Marriage is a very serious event and as such it deserves all the ceremony and solemnity that is commonly attached to it". However, he later seemed to accept a quieter ceremony in Europe, indicating a softening of his initial preference for a traditional, elaborate affair.

During the tumultuous period leading up to the Communist Revolution in 1949, the father again demonstrated a capacity to alter his plans. He initially proposed a strategy of dispersal, suggesting moving part of the family and business to the British colony of Hong Kong while leaving the rest in Shanghai. This cautious approach reflected the uncertainty of the political situation. However, after arriving in Hong Kong in May 1949, the father faced conflicting pressures. His business associates urged him to remain in Hong Kong, while his family in Shanghai implored him to return. After approximately six months and receiving assurances from representatives of the Communist leadership, the father decided to return to Shanghai in November 1949. This decision marked a significant change in his plans regarding his place of residence and business operations, influenced by family ties and perceived opportunities under the new regime.

Finally, the father’s interactions concerning Eighth Son's return from abroad reveal a persistent desire that ultimately did not align with his son’s own choices. The father repeatedly urged Eighth Son, who was studying in the United States, to return to China after completing his education, expressing a need for his help in the family business and even directly ordering his return via Hong Kong. Despite Eighth Son initially expressing his intention to return, the changing political climate and his own evolving views led him to reconsider. The father remained insistent, even after the Communist takeover, proposing a role for Eighth Son as a wool specialist in northwest China and urging him to bring his other brothers back to the mainland. However, Eighth Son, valuing his independence and expressing concerns about the lack of freedom under Communism, ultimately did not return permanently to mainland China after his initial post-graduation visit. This instance highlights a case where the father's persistent efforts to change his son's mind regarding his permanent relocation were ultimately unsuccessful.

In conclusion, the father in The Lius of Shanghai was not an immutable patriarch. While he held strong aspirations for his family and their business, the narrative reveals a number of instances where he adjusted his stances on significant issues. These changes of mind, often prompted by his sons' perspectives, the tumultuous political environment, and pragmatic considerations, paint a more nuanced picture of a leader navigating the complexities of family and fortune in a rapidly transforming China.