The Prophet of the Perished Ideal: How Milovan Djilas Predicted the Failure of the "New Class"

Milovan Djilas, famously recognized as the "Prophet in the Communist World," was a high-ranking Yugoslav revolutionary who became the system's most profound internal critic. His transformation from a staunch believer to a dissident was driven by a realization that the communist ideal had been betrayed by its own success.

The Emergence of the "New Class"

Djilas’s primary contribution was the exposure of the "New Class". He argued that once a communist revolution succeeded in overthrowing the old order, it did not eliminate classes as Marx had predicted. Instead, it created a new bureaucracy of party officials who owned the means of production through their absolute control over the state.

• Corruption of Purpose: This new class became more oppressive and corrupt than the capitalists they replaced because they possessed unchecked power.

• Systemic Betrayal: They claimed to represent the workers, but in reality, they exploited the people to maintain their own status and privileges.

• Institutionalized Inequality: The gap between the ruling elite and the working class grew wider under the guise of "equality".

The Inevitable Slide into Totalitarianism

Djilas’s warnings echoed the observations of leaders like Margaret Thatcher, who noted that central planning inevitably leads to the suppression of human rights.

• The Power Trap: When the state controls all resources, it gains total power over every individual’s life.

• The End of Dissent: To protect the central plan and the "New Class," the regime must abolish free speech and institutionalize fear.

• Historical Failure: From Stalin's Great Purge to Mao's Cultural Revolution, the disregard for human life and social ethics was the natural outcome of a system that valued party discipline over individual dignity.

Djilas concluded that the only way to end this corruption was to terminate the one-party monopoly and return power to the people—a prophecy that ultimately foreshadowed the collapse of the Eastern Bloc.

 

通往奴役之路：為什麼管理的平等終將失敗並導致專制

一個完美公平社會的夢想——無論是透過共產主義的革命熱忱，還是透過社會民主主義或「費邊社」的漸進主義——最終都會撞上一堵唯一且不可逾越的牆：人性。雖然費邊主義者或社會民主主義者認為，他們可以透過中央計劃和「局部效率」來引導社會走向公平，但歷史警告我們，剝奪個人自主權是邁向集權主義的第一步。

中央計劃的悖論

現代社會主義思想往往反映了「100% 利用率」的管理錯誤。正如一個組織如果優化了秘書每一秒的時間，就會失去創新所需的「餘裕」一樣，一個試圖優化所有資源的國家也會失去自由所需的「餘裕」。

正如瑪格麗特·柴契爾（Margaret Thatcher）著名的論點：一旦國家開始指揮經濟以實現社會正義，它就不可避免地必須鎮壓異議。為了確保中央計劃奏效，計劃者不能允許個人「變換車道」或偏離劇本。這就是為什麼柴契爾堅持認為社會主義會導致獨裁；當政府控制了生存手段，它就獲得了對公民掌握生死的大權。

共產世界的教訓

共產主義的興起是對工業革命過度擴張的反動。然而，從理論到實踐的轉變揭示了一個致命的缺陷：對人性的根本誤判。

• 列寧 確立了「黨紀高於民主與人權」的原則，主張為達政治目的可以不擇手段。

• 史達林 透過「大清洗」將此手段武器化，利用恐怖和思想箝制來鞏固絕對的一黨專政。

• 毛澤東 將階級鬥爭制度化，發動了大躍進和文化大革命等政治運動，導致數千萬人死亡，並徹底破壞了社會倫理。

為什麼漸進主義會失敗：「新階級」的誕生

即使在非革命性的社會主義模式中，也會發生根本性的腐敗。被譽為「共產世界先知」的吉拉斯（Milovan Djilas）觀察到，一旦這些體制成功，必然會產生一個「新階級」。這個官僚階層比他們所取代的資本家更加壓迫且貪污腐化。

當我們為了國家規定的效率而犧牲「控制的餘裕」（個人選擇自己道路的權利）時，我們就失去了維持社會活力的創新和反應能力。一個被強迫忙於執行中央計劃的社會，只是一個不斷重複昨日錯誤的社會，最終將在自身僵化體制的重壓下崩潰。

 

The Inevitable Road to Serfdom: Why Managed Equality Fails and Leads to Tyranny

The dream of a perfectly equitable society—whether pursued through the revolutionary fervor of Communism or the gradualist "Fabian" approach of social democracy—ultimately collides with a singular, immovable wall: human nature. While movements like the Fabians or Social Democrats believe they can steer society toward fairness through central planning and "local efficiency," history warns that removing individual agency is the first step toward totalitarianism.

The Paradox of Central Planning

Modern socialist thought often mirrors the management error of "100% utilization." Just as an organization that optimizes every second of a secretary’s day loses the "slack" needed for innovation, a state that attempts to optimize all resources loses the "slack" required for freedom.

As Margaret Thatcher famously argued, once the state begins to direct the economy to achieve social justice, it must inevitably suppress dissent. To ensure a central plan works, the planners cannot allow individuals to "change lanes" or deviate from the script. This is why Thatcher maintained that socialism leads to a dictatorship; when the government controls the means of subsistence, it gains the power of life and death over its citizens.

The Lessons of the Communist World

The rise of Communism was a reaction to the industrial revolution's excesses. However, the transition from theory to practice revealed a fatal flaw: a total misjudgment of human nature.

• Lenin established the principle that "party discipline is higher than democracy and human rights," justifying any means to reach a political end.

• Stalin weaponized this through "The Great Purge," using terror and thought control to consolidate an absolute one-party dictatorship.

• Mao Zedong institutionalized class struggle, leading to political movements like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, which resulted in the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of social ethics.

Why Gradualism Fails: The "New Class"

Even in non-revolutionary socialist models, a fundamental corruption occurs. Milovan Djilas, known as the "Prophet in the Communist World," observed that once these systems succeed, they inevitably birth a "New Class". This bureaucracy becomes more oppressive and corrupt than the capitalists they replaced.

When we sacrifice "Slack in Control"—the right of the individual to choose their own path—for the sake of state-mandated efficiency, we lose the very innovation and responsiveness that keep a society alive. A society forced to be "busy" following a central plan is a society merely repeating yesterday’s mistakes, eventually collapsing under the weight of its own rigidity.

 

效率是利潤的敵人：為什麼「做更少」才是獲利的唯一途徑

在現代管理中，我們對「局部效率」近乎痴迷。看到員工有 50% 的閒暇時間，就覺得那是必須補上的漏洞。一個經典案例是：某秘書只有一半時間在忙，顧問便建議讓兩位主管共用一位秘書，使利用率達到 100%。邏輯看似完美，結果卻是災難。

秘書開始「演戲」裝忙，因為準時完成工作只會換來更多工作。兩位主管開始爭奪時間，面對突發的高價值需求時，系統已無力處理。表面上消除了浪費，實際上卻創造了組織瓶頸。

這揭示了核心的管理悖論：你越努力優化當下，就越削弱未來。組織若要成功獲利，必須保有兩種「餘裕」（Slack）。

1. 時間的餘裕

沒有空檔的系統無法應對意外。當系統處於 100% 滿載時，任何變化都變成負擔，所有新需求都必須排隊。你以為提高了產能，其實只是把公司變成了一條塞車的高速公路，因為沒有變換車道的空間，車速再快也動彈不得。

2. 控制的餘裕

知識工作者的動力來自成長與自主性。當他們選擇專案或嘗試新方法的空間被剝奪時，他們就會離職，並帶走多年累積的專業知識與經驗。

過度優化的代價

過度追求局部效率的公司會失去三種關鍵能力：

• 反應能力： 市場轉向時，因全員忙到無法抽身而無法調整方向。

• 創新能力： 創新發生在「非生產性」的時刻。過度優化讓組織鎖死在即將過時的舊模式中。

• 留才能力： 頂尖人才需要成長空間。過度的管控會讓他們跳槽至競爭對手，導致組織在重新培訓人才上耗費巨大成本。

透過 100% 利用率省下的短期成本，往往導致長期的轉型失敗。時間的餘裕能讓人反省與規劃，而控制的餘裕則讓人敢於實驗。兩者結合，才能產生適應力。

讓員工「看起來很忙」的公司，通常只是在重複昨天；唯有留白的組織，才有餘力發明明天。

 

Efficiency is the Enemy of Profit: Why "Doing Less" is Your Greatest Competitive Advantage

In modern management, we are obsessed with "local efficiency." We see an employee with 50% free time and view it as a leak to be plugged. A classic example is the secretary working at half capacity; a consultant suggests sharing her between two managers to achieve 100% utilization. The logic seems perfect, yet the result is a catastrophe.

The secretary begins to "perform" business because finishing early only results in more work. The two managers compete for her time, and suddenly, there is no capacity for urgent, high-value tasks. By eliminating "waste," the organization has actually created a bottleneck.

This reveals a core management paradox: The more you optimize for the present, the more you weaken the future. To be truly successful and profitable, an organization must maintain two types of "slack."

1. Slack in Time

A system with no gaps cannot handle surprises. When a system is at 100% capacity, every change becomes a burden and every new request joins a long queue. You haven't increased productivity; you've turned your company into a traffic-jammed highway where no one can change lanes to move faster.

2. Slack in Control

Knowledge workers are driven by growth and autonomy. When their space to choose projects or experiment with new methods is stripped away, they leave—taking years of institutional knowledge and experience with them.

The Cost of Over-Optimization

Companies that focus too heavily on local efficiency lose three vital capabilities:

• Responsiveness: They cannot pivot when the market shifts because everyone is too busy to move.

• Innovation: Innovation happens in the moments not dedicated to production. Over-optimization locks an organization into its current, soon-to-be-obsolete model.

• Talent Retention: Top talent requires room to grow. Micromanagement drives them to competitors, leading to massive costs in replacing their domain expertise.

Short-term cost savings through 100% utilization often lead to long-term failure. Slack in time allows for reflection and planning, while slack in control allows for experimental deviation. Together, they create adaptability.

A company where everyone looks busy is merely repeating yesterday. A company that allows for "white space" has the capacity to invent tomorrow.

崩塌的遺產：為何英國基礎設施在 2026 年陷入失靈

 

崩塌的遺產：為何英國基礎設施在 2026 年陷入失靈

2026 年初，一場橫跨肯特郡與薩塞克斯郡的「結凍與解凍」事件，導致數千名英國公民失去自來水供應。在一個曾引領工業革命的國家，民眾竟然被迫排隊領取瓶裝水來煮飯和洗漱。這場危機深刻提醒著我們：現代世界建立在基礎設施之上，而英國正處於「透支時間」的狀態。

一、 腐朽中的遺產

現代英國生活的舒適感是由前幾代人創造的。維多利亞時代留下了我們視為理所當然的水庫、鐵路和下水道系統。然而，這份遺產並非永恆。根據國家審計署的數據，依目前的投資速度，更換英國老舊的供水系統需要 700 年。我們正依賴著那些根本無法應對 21 世紀氣候變遷的維多利亞時代老舊水管。

二、 大停滯時代

忽視建設的數據令人震驚：

• 水利： 自 1992 年以來，英國未曾興建過任何新水庫。

• 能源： 自 1995 年以來，未曾投產新的核電廠，導致工業能源成本創下歷史新高。

• 交通： 自 2003 年以來未興建過新的高速公路，而倫敦地鐵則面臨長期過熱的風險。

三、 從第一世界滑向第三世界？

當新加坡等國家透過強力的國家主導建設從「第三世界跨入第一世界」時，英國似乎正朝著相反的方向滑坡。問題不在於缺乏能力，而在於人為設置的重重法規限制以及國家雄心的喪失。

四、 維多利亞時代的教訓

1858 年，倫敦面臨「大惡臭」。在短短六年內，維多利亞時代的人就建造了 1,300 英里的新下水道。今天，儘管我們擁有更先進的技術，卻連維持現狀都顯得吃力。要解決這一問題，英國必須削減抑制發展的官僚主義，重新找回為後代子孫建設的動力。

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The Crumbling Inheritance: Why Britain’s Infrastructure is Failing in 2026

 

The Crumbling Inheritance: Why Britain’s Infrastructure is Failing in 2026

In early 2026, a "freeze and thaw" event across Kent and Sussex left thousands of British citizens without running water. In a nation that once pioneered the industrial world, people were forced to queue for bottled water just to cook and wash. This crisis serves as a stark reminder that the modern world rests on infrastructure—and Britain is currently living on borrowed time.

1. A Legacy in Decay

The comfort of modern British life was built by previous generations. The Victorian era gave us the reservoirs, railways, and sewage systems we take for granted. However, this inheritance is not eternal. According to the National Audit Office, at current investment rates, it would take 700 years to replace the UK’s ageing water system. We are relying on Victorian pipes that simply cannot handle 21st-century climate shifts.

2. The Great Stagnation

The statistics of neglect are staggering:

• Water: No new reservoir has been built in the UK since 1992.

• Energy: No new nuclear power station has been commissioned since 1995, leading to record-high industrial energy costs.

• Transport: No new motorway has been built since 2003, while the London Underground risks chronic overheating.

3. From First World to Third?

While nations like Singapore transitioned from the "third world to the first" through forceful state-led construction, Britain appears to be slipping in the opposite direction. The issue is not a lack of capability, but a self-imposed web of regulations and a loss of national ambition.

4. The Victorian Lesson

In 1858, London faced the "Great Stink." Within just six years, the Victorians built 1,300 miles of new sewers. Today, despite having far more advanced technology, we struggle to maintain what they built. To fix this, Britain must slash the bureaucracy that stifles development and rediscover the drive to build for future generations.

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