Foreign Officials in Asian Governments: A Bygone Era
During the 19th century, it was not uncommon for foreign individuals to hold high-ranking government positions in Asian nations. These officials were often recruited for their specialized knowledge and technical expertise in fields like military strategy, finance, and infrastructure, which many Asian countries sought to acquire in their quest to modernize and compete with Western powers. This practice highlights a unique period of global interconnectedness.
One notable example is Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu, a Danish man who became the commander-in-chief of the Royal Siamese Navy under King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Arriving in Siam (now Thailand) in 1875, he earned the king's trust and was instrumental in modernizing the Siamese military. He designed key fortifications and introduced modern weaponry. Beyond his military contributions, Richelieu also played a crucial role in developing Bangkok's early infrastructure, including its electric grid, railways, and public transport systems.
Another prominent figure was Sir Robert Hart, a British man who served as the Inspector-General of China's Imperial Maritime Customs Service for over 50 years, from 1863 to 1908. He was responsible for collecting customs duties and managing China's trade. Hart's integrity and efficiency provided a crucial, reliable source of revenue for the Qing government. His administration was known for its modern and transparent practices, making it a model of bureaucratic excellence at the time.
A List of Foreign Officials and Their Roles
The employment of foreign experts was a widespread practice across Asia during this period. Here are a few more examples:
Gustave-Émile Boissonade (Japan): A French legal scholar hired by the Meiji government to help draft Japan's modern civil code in the late 19th century. His work was essential for establishing a modern legal framework, helping Japan transition from a feudal society to a nation-state.
George Washington Williams (Japan): An American military officer who served as a foreign advisor to the Japanese military during the early Meiji period. He was one of several foreign experts who helped train the Imperial Japanese Army to adopt modern military tactics and organization.
Dr. Georg Böhmer (Korea): A German physician who became a medical advisor to the Korean government in the late 19th century. He was vital in establishing modern medical institutions and introducing Western medical practices to the country.
Hermann von Keyserlingk (Persia/Iran): A German diplomat and military officer who became an advisor to the Persian government in the early 20th century. He contributed to the modernization and training of the Persian armed forces.
From Globalized Governance to National Sovereignty
These historical examples show a world where national borders were more permeable. Countries were willing to bring in foreign talent for key government roles, often to fill gaps in knowledge and technology. This was a direct result of the pressures of globalization and colonial expansion, as nations felt a need to rapidly modernize to compete or defend themselves.
Today, the idea of a foreigner holding a high-ranking government position—like a military commander or the head of a major government agency—is largely unthinkable in most modern nation-states. Countries have become far more protective of their sovereignty and government roles, seeing them as exclusive to their own citizens. This shift represents a paradox: while we are more globally connected through technology and trade, the trust placed in foreign individuals to hold positions of power within a country’s government has significantly diminished. The world has become less "globalized" in this specific sense than it was 200 years ago.