The Nature of Dreams in Buddhist Scriptures
Dreams occupy a unique and layered place in the landscape of Buddhist thought. Far from mere subconscious symbols or mental noise, dreams in Buddhist scriptures are treated as significant spiritual and psychological phenomena—sometimes as karmic visions, sometimes as metaphors for illusion, and other times as tools for realization.
1. Dream as a Symbol of Impermanence and Illusion
A central theme in Buddhist teachings is the concept of impermanence (anicca) and the illusory nature of phenomena. Dreams frequently serve as metaphors for the deceptive quality of the material world:
“譬如夢中見種種事，夢覺之後，都無所有。”
“Just as in a dream one sees various things, upon waking, all are gone.”
— Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra (維摩詰所說經)
This reflects the Mahayana view that all conditioned phenomena are devoid of inherent existence—śūnyatā. Dreams thus become didactic tools, illustrating how clinging to appearances leads to suffering.
2. Karmic Dreams and Prophetic Visions
Buddhist texts also regard some dreams as karmic manifestations or omens. For instance, in the Jātaka tales, which recount the Buddha's past lives, dreams often foreshadow pivotal events. Queen Māyā, the Buddha’s mother, famously dreamt of a white elephant entering her side—a dream interpreted by sages as signifying the impending birth of a great being.
In the Lalitavistara Sūtra, it is said:
“摩耶夫人夢見白象入胎，是諸佛出世之相。”
“Queen Māyā dreamt of a white elephant entering her womb—this is the sign of a Buddha's appearance in the world.”
Such dreams are not random but are tied to the unfolding of cosmic and karmic order.
3. Dreams in Meditative and Yogic Practice
In Vajrayāna Buddhism, particularly in the Tibetan tradition, dreams are used in yogic practices such as “dream yoga” (milam). The Six Yogas of Naropa describe practices wherein the adept learns to remain lucid during dreams, using them as a means to understand the illusory nature of self and reality:
“夢中覺知，是為現證空性之門。”
“Lucid awareness in dreams is a gateway to the direct realization of emptiness.”
— Six Yogas of Naropa (那若六法)
This aligns with the Buddhist emphasis on mindfulness and awareness, extending it even into the domain of sleep.
4. Dreams as Teaching Devices in Sutras
The Buddha often uses dream analogies to illustrate higher truths. In the Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra), he states:
“一切有為法，如夢幻泡影，如露亦如電，應作如是觀。”
“All conditioned phenomena are like a dream, an illusion, a bubble, a shadow, like dew or a flash of lightning. Thus should you view them.”
This powerful verse is often chanted and referenced to underscore the transient and unreal nature of phenomena, a cornerstone in Mahayana philosophy.
5. Dream in Relation to Rebirth and the Intermediate State (Bardo)
Tibetan Buddhism elaborates on the dream state as analogous to the bardo, or the intermediate state between death and rebirth. The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Bardo Thödol) emphasizes that awareness during the dream state can prepare practitioners to navigate the bardo:
“夢即中有，能於夢中作主，死後亦能作主。”
“The dream is the bardo. If one can gain mastery in the dream, one can also gain mastery after death.”
Hence, dreams serve not only as metaphors but also as training grounds for enlightenment and liberation.
6. Examples from the Amitābha Sūtra (佛說阿彌陀經)
While the Amitābha Sūtra focuses primarily on describing the Pure Land, it contains elements that hint at dream-like transformations. For example, it speaks of supernatural birds that are not born of karma but are manifestations created by Amitābha Buddha to preach the Dharma:
“是諸眾鳥，皆是阿彌陀佛欲令法音宣流，變化所作。”
“These birds are all transformations created by Amitābha Buddha to spread the Dharma.”
Such imagery evokes the surreal quality of dream logic, suggesting that the Pure Land itself, while real in Buddhist cosmology, operates in ways beyond the physical laws we know—akin to a higher dream-state engineered by enlightened wisdom.
7. Dreams as Expressions of Mental Continuity
In Abhidharma literature, dreams are discussed as manifestations of latent mental impressions (vāsanā), supporting the view that mental habits continue even in sleep. The Abhidharmakośa notes:
“夢由識蘊未斷故生。”
“Dreams arise due to the uninterrupted continuity of consciousness.”
This reinforces the idea that dreams are meaningful insights into the workings of the mind, and not to be dismissed lightly.
Conclusion
In Buddhist texts, dreams are multifaceted. They are at once illusions, teachings, karmic manifestations, and spiritual training fields. From the sutras to the tantras, dreams are used to illustrate core doctrines and offer methods of practice. Whether reflecting the delusion of samsara or guiding the aspirant toward awakening, dreams in Buddhism are never “just dreams.”